THE EXPERIENCE MACHINE

The role of expectations in how we see the world.

Drawing on insights from psychology, neuroscience, and philosophy, Clark, a professor of cognitive philosophy, examines how our understanding of the world is fundamentally informed by cognitive forecasting. Far from being mere passive receivers of some objective reality, we are, it seems, always actively involved in imagining what reality is likely to be and constantly responding to so-called “prediction errors” as we resolve differences between our expectations and incoming sense data. In this remarkable book, the author clearly and memorably sets forth the profound implications of such a theory. As Clark explains, what we take to be real—including our beliefs about who we are—is necessarily a fluid and idiosyncratic construct, and it depends on an ongoing set of negotiations between what we anticipate based on precedent and what our senses imply in the unfolding present. None of us simply records a stable set of facts from the world around us; in fact, we create a version of that world deeply informed by personal history. Among the practical applications for Clark’s insights are treatments for chronic pain that target patients’ imagination of their suffering and the training of police officers to recognize racial bias in stressful encounters. Overall, the author vividly demonstrates that “a better appreciation of the power of prediction could improve the way we think about our own medical symptoms and suggest new ways of understanding mental health, mental illness, and neurodiversity.” Along the way, Clark offers engaging and insightful commentary on tangential matters such as how ceremonial practices can contribute to feelings of well-being and how digital technologies have boosted our predictive capacities and effectively become extensions of our minds. The author defines and explains complex ideas with admirable clarity, and black-and-white illustrations underscore the concrete importance of specific theoretical claims.

A startling, profoundly illuminating account of our mind’s predictive abilities.