Before Before: A Story of Discovery and Loss in Sierra Leone

A debut author blends autobiography and ethnography in this exploration of Sierra Leone in the 1980s.

The recent history of Sierra Leone is one often associated with violence, disease, and tragedy. From the decade-long Blood Diamond War of the 1990s through the Ebola outbreak of the 2010s that killed tens of thousands and displaced millions, the West African nation has been the epicenter of human rights crises for the past 30 years. In this book, Small not only encourages readers to place those tragedies within a larger post-colonial context, but also highlights a vibrant history of the nation from a grassroots perspective in the decade that predated the violence of the ’90s. A Peace Corps volunteer who was born only a year after Sierra Leone became an independent country in 1961, the author spent three years in Tokpombu, a village located 250 miles from the nation’s Atlantic coast (“Here I was, in someone else’s history and culture—in a rainforest village of 400 rice farmers along a one-lane, rock-ribbed road connecting diamond buyers with diamond diggers”). And while the book shares her direct observations on the region’s rural culture, largely based on her journal notes from that time, it fundamentally seeks to reconcile her experiences in a peaceful village with the post-1991 history of violence and disease that plagued the region. In doing so, the work is at its best when placing late-20th-century Sierra Leone within a historical context, effectively demonstrating how the events of the ’90s and early 2000s are intertwined with the nation’s history of trans-Atlantic slavery, colonialism, and changing American foreign and economic policy under the Reagan administration in the ’80s. An astute ethnographer, Small also draws comparisons between Sierra Leone’s culture and language and South Carolina’s Gullah population. The book offers insights on the advantages of the Peace Corps while recognizing the predominantly white makeup of its volunteers. Despite the Peace Corps’ active presence in Africa in the 1960s, for instance, it was not until 1977 when it saw the appointment of the first African American U.S. director. The volume’s solid grasp of history and anthropology will attract scholarly minded readers while its engaging prose delivers an accessible reevaluation of a misunderstood nation.

A powerful commentary and memoir that challenge Western narratives of Sierra Leone.