GROVER CLEVELAND

Slender but deftly sketched assessment of our 22nd and 24th president.

Physically imposing in life, Grover Cleveland is largely forgotten now, except for the oddity that he was the only president to have served two nonconsecutive terms in office (1885–89 and 1893–97). He deserves better from historians, argues Graff (Professor Emeritus, History/Columbia Univ.), who points out Cleveland’s political domination of his time: a politician of integrity, sincerity, and decency at a time of widespread political corruption. As such, Cleveland won the popular vote for president three times in a row—he lost the electoral vote to Benjamin Harrison in 1888—and was revered by millions of his contemporaries. Compelled to forego college after the early death of his father, the young Cleveland settled down to read law in Buffalo. Cleveland quickly rose to prominence as a Buffalo attorney, and his close relationship with influential New York Democratic kingmaker Daniel Manning resulted in short, successful stints as mayor of Buffalo and governor of New York. In these early jobs, he established the themes of sound administration, resistance to pork-barrel politics, and general fairness that distinguished him later as president. In that office, he saw civil-service reform of government and articulated a foreign policy of fair play—he disapproved of the coup that overthrew the Hawaiian monarchy, for instance—that contrasted with the imperialism of successor Teddy Roosevelt. In Graff’s study, striking differences between Cleveland’s era and ours emerge: pretending disinterest while subordinates ran the campaign, Cleveland and his opponents passively “stood” for office instead of running for it. In addition, Cleveland was a “gray personality” whose coarse appearance, heavy body, and unspectacular memorized speeches might have disqualified him for the presidency in the age of television. Graff does not see Cleveland as a visionary figure, but as a transition between the 19th century’s ideal of a limited presidency and our more expansive modern view of the office.

An absorbing study of an undeservedly forgotten president.