AMERICAN GRAMMAR

A scholarly account of education in 19th-century America.

Most historical accounts of the ideas, goals, and practices that gave rise to public education in America focus on the schooling of white children—the settler class, which was primarily European and Christian. A professor of education and of African and African American studies at Harvard, Givens braids that familiar story with contemporaneous ideas and approaches to educating Black and Indigenous children, which reveals not only the racist attitudes of the day, but also ulterior motives such as securing tribal lands and forestalling violent uprisings—key aspects of nation building. Givens describes government efforts to dictate whom would be taught what. A striking contrast existed before the Civil War: Education was widely outlawed for Black people, while the first boarding schools were launched for Indigenous children with federal funds. The rationales for these opposing programs expose associated goals. For instance, the building of schools for Indian children was overseen by the War Department to help avert future Indian wars. Additionally, “domesticating” Native Americans—so that they would settle down and farm—would facilitate Western expansion. Being regarded as intellectually inferior, Black people were prevented from learning to read and write, which also minimized the chances that enslaved people would liaise and foment resistance. The author grounds his chronicle with individual stories, including those of Margaret Douglass, who was convicted of teaching free Black children in Virginia, and James McDonald, a Choctaw boy who was taught by Quaker missionaries and became a poster boy for Native schooling. The chapters progress in a looping way through the 19th century, with Givens reminding the reader how prevailing attitudes toward Black and Indigenous people justified unequal treatment and how affiliate goals further influenced educational practices. These reminders make some of the reading repetitive, but on the whole the book is a worthy study of how the nation set about schooling Black and Native children.

A fascinating, if unwieldy, treatise on how racism and nation building influenced educational practices in America.