THE METHOD

The history of the innovative method that transformed American theater.

Critic and theater director Butler chronicles the history of the controversial system of actors’ training that came to be known as “Method.” Conceived by Konstantin Stanislavski, founder of the Moscow Art Theatre, and popularized in America by his apprentice Richard Boleslavsky, the technique was based on the idea that actors must draw on their “affective memory” to inform the way they interpret their roles. The Method, Butler asserts, “showed that we were not rational, but repressed. Its model of the human was one in which roiling seas of emotion and discontent lay beneath all of our frozen, placid surfaces.” Central to this detailed, authoritative narrative are many strong-willed, often irascible, characters: acting teachers Lee Strasberg, Stella Adler, and Sanford Meisner; directors Howard Clurman and Elia Kazan; studio founder and producer Cheryl Crawford; and a host of actors, including Marlon Brando, Marilyn Monroe, Gene Hackman, and James Dean. Inspired by Stanislavski and Boleslavsky, in 1931, Strasberg, Adler, and Crawford founded the Group Theatre, aiming to establish an ensemble company that would revolutionize stage offerings. Awake and Sing, by Clifford Odets, became the first major play of the Method era, Butler notes, setting a template “for the kinds of psychologically realistic depictions of everyday people that were associated with the American theater for the rest of the twentieth century.” Throughout the 1930s, rivalries and conflicts abounded among the founders, and actors and directors defected to Hollywood. In 1947, Kazan founded the Actors Studio, with Strasberg as artistic director and Crawford as vice president; Adler set up her own school. Butler follows the fortunes of various teachers, directors, playwrights, and actors as the entertainment industry—and American culture—evolved, with the Method only one of myriad approaches to acting. The author also delves into the debate over expression, naturalism, and artifice that continues still, as actors strive to convey “the truth of being human.”

A well-researched cultural history sure to please theater and film buffs.