Everything you wanted to know about one of the two ``chemical'' senses, including the fact that taste is as much a function of smell as it is of taste buds. Vroon, a Dutch psychologist, reviews the neural anatomy, neuroscience, physiology, history, myths, and texts relating to olfaction. The problem is that much remains myth and mystery—a phenomenon the author attributes to a general cultural denigration of the sense. Smell is considered a little vulgar and, from a commercial standpoint, more a concern of entrepreneurs out to mask smells or else persuade that perfumes can indeed seduce. With regard to the latter; not so, Vroon says. Perfumes are more apt to be used to please the wearer, and may have originated as a means of disguising when a woman was fertile (to keep men guessing and in tow, so to speak). Maybe, maybe not . . . but this is just one of many provocative suggestions and findings he adduces. These include assorted experiments with sweaty T-shirts, essence of human breaths, baby's security blankets, breast-feeding mothers and even twin studies that suggest that we are good at sniffing out males from females, one's own infant, mother, and mates from strangers. So we retain some of the wisdom of dogs, truffle-snuffling pigs, and other creatures who glory in smells. Cultural dismissal of smell may also have to do with our poor vocabulary and memory for smells. The author explains this on the basis of the sense being evolutionarily older and connected to emotional rather than cognitive centers. Just such connections may explain why we can be conditioned unconsciously: e.g., we may come to associate a smell with fear or pleasure, depending in the initial circumstance. And while diseases affecting smell are uncommon, they are exceedingly destructive of the quality of life. Given the many unknowns, students in search of a research topic should find the text a prime source of ideas. As for the rest, there are enough tidbits and food for thought to please the curious mind.
Pub Date: Sept. 1, 1997
ISBN: 0-374-25704-3
Page Count: 384
Publisher: Farrar, Straus and Giroux
Review Posted Online: May 19, 2010
Kirkus Reviews Issue: July 1, 1997
These are not hard and fast rules, but Meyer delivers important reading for those engaged in international business.
A helpful guide to working effectively with people from other cultures.
“The sad truth is that the vast majority of managers who conduct business internationally have little understanding about how culture is impacting their work,” writes Meyer, a professor at INSEAD, an international business school. Yet they face a wider array of work styles than ever before in dealing with clients, suppliers and colleagues from around the world. When is it best to speak or stay quiet? What is the role of the leader in the room? When working with foreign business people, failing to take cultural differences into account can lead to frustration, misunderstanding or worse. Based on research and her experiences teaching cross-cultural behaviors to executive students, the author examines a handful of key areas. Among others, they include communicating (Anglo-Saxons are explicit; Asians communicate implicitly, requiring listeners to read between the lines), developing a sense of trust (Brazilians do it over long lunches), and decision-making (Germans rely on consensus, Americans on one decider). In each area, the author provides a “culture map scale” that positions behaviors in more than 20 countries along a continuum, allowing readers to anticipate the preferences of individuals from a particular country: Do they like direct or indirect negative feedback? Are they rigid or flexible regarding deadlines? Do they favor verbal or written commitments? And so on. Meyer discusses managers who have faced perplexing situations, such as knowledgeable team members who fail to speak up in meetings or Indians who offer a puzzling half-shake, half-nod of the head. Cultural differences—not personality quirks—are the motivating factors behind many behavioral styles. Depending on our cultures, we understand the world in a particular way, find certain arguments persuasive or lacking merit, and consider some ways of making decisions or measuring time natural and others quite strange.
These are not hard and fast rules, but Meyer delivers important reading for those engaged in international business.Pub Date: May 27, 2014
ISBN: 978-1-61039-250-1
Page Count: 288
Publisher: PublicAffairs
Review Posted Online: April 15, 2014
Kirkus Reviews Issue: May 1, 2014
If the authors are serious, this is a silly, distasteful book. If they are not, it’s a brilliant satire.
The authors have created a sort of anti-Book of Virtues in this encyclopedic compendium of the ways and means of power.
Everyone wants power and everyone is in a constant duplicitous game to gain more power at the expense of others, according to Greene, a screenwriter and former editor at Esquire (Elffers, a book packager, designed the volume, with its attractive marginalia). We live today as courtiers once did in royal courts: we must appear civil while attempting to crush all those around us. This power game can be played well or poorly, and in these 48 laws culled from the history and wisdom of the world’s greatest power players are the rules that must be followed to win. These laws boil down to being as ruthless, selfish, manipulative, and deceitful as possible. Each law, however, gets its own chapter: “Conceal Your Intentions,” “Always Say Less Than Necessary,” “Pose as a Friend, Work as a Spy,” and so on. Each chapter is conveniently broken down into sections on what happened to those who transgressed or observed the particular law, the key elements in this law, and ways to defensively reverse this law when it’s used against you. Quotations in the margins amplify the lesson being taught. While compelling in the way an auto accident might be, the book is simply nonsense. Rules often contradict each other. We are told, for instance, to “be conspicuous at all cost,” then told to “behave like others.” More seriously, Greene never really defines “power,” and he merely asserts, rather than offers evidence for, the Hobbesian world of all against all in which he insists we live. The world may be like this at times, but often it isn’t. To ask why this is so would be a far more useful project.
If the authors are serious, this is a silly, distasteful book. If they are not, it’s a brilliant satire.Pub Date: Sept. 1, 1998
ISBN: 0-670-88146-5
Page Count: 430
Publisher: Viking
Review Posted Online: May 19, 2010
Kirkus Reviews Issue: July 15, 1998
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