FLEE NORTH

A rich history of two men who were active in helping enslaved people escape to Canada in the years before the Civil War.

After buying his freedom, Thomas Smallwood (1801-1883) was a shoemaker who worked out of Washington and Baltimore “engineering escapes from bondage on an unprecedented scale.” As Shane’s narrative opens, Smallwood loads 15 enslaved people into a wagon and takes to the rutted highway north, managing to evade the white slave patrollers in pursuit. In alliance with Smallwood was a New England abolitionist named Charles Torrey, who was just as daring and who shared Smallwood’s penchant for sending mocking letters to slaveholders after their “chattels” were safely delivered to Canada. Smallwood eventually racked up enough enemies that he had to remain in Canada, where he had a “new house in the very center of Toronto.” He also claimed, with reason, to have been the first to organize these mass escapes of enslaved people, calling himself “general agent of all the branches of the National Underground Railroad, Steam Packet, Canal and Foot-it Company.” (The “underground railway” moniker, Shane reminds readers, derived from the fact that the escapees disappeared so quickly and completely that is was as if they had boarded a hidden, fast train.) Alas, even in the abolitionist business, the erasure of Black participants is evident: Torrey made the same claim, and the history books remember him as a hero who died of tuberculosis while imprisoned after having finally been caught. Both Smallwood and Torrey merit remembrance and honor, for what they did was at the risk of their lives. Along the way, readers will find satisfying the demise of one of their chief tormentors, killed by yellow fever, which ironically “had first traveled to the New World aboard the slave ships from Africa.”

A forgotten chapter in abolitionist history is restored to history in a lively, readable narrative.