THE CALIPH AND THE IMAM

Deeply researched history of the divergence of Shia and Sunni Islam and its geopolitical implications.

The epicenter of the Shia and Sunni split lies in the middle of the always fiercely contested territory of Iraq, where the Battle of Karbala was fought in 680 B.C.E. On one side was an army led by Prophet Muhammad’s grandson, massacred by the forces of the second caliph, who would lead the newly established religion. Shia embrace the claim of Muhammad’s bloodline, Sunnis that of the caliphs, and both sides have solid reasons for their stances. Yet, global religious studies lecturer Matthiesen shows, “key doctrinal positions, such as the ideas that Sunnis accept the first four Caliphs and Shia only the Caliphate of Ali, developed over time, and some adopted a middle ground.” Furthermore, notes the author, Sunnis and Shia have lived side by side without conflict; when the two factions come to blows, it is often because enmity has been put into motion by outside powers and proxies. Russia, for example, supported the Assad regime in Syria as a “continuation of Cold War ties,” taking part in a genocide that was “the result of the activation of communal memory in the context of civil war, regional polarization, foreign intervention and the institutionalization of sectarian identity in the modern state.” Meanwhile, the Islamic State group has attempted to rally the Shia in the Persian Gulf States to rise up against the hated Sunni Saudi Arabia even though many in the region consider IS “a Sunni vanguard against the Assad regime, Iran, and Shiism as a whole.” The competition for regional supremacy between Saudi Arabia and Iran may unfold in superficially religious terms, but Matthiesen demonstrates that it goes far beyond merely sectarian considerations—and the U.S. has not been shy about taking sides. The split may never entirely heal, but in Iraq, all sides have resisted intervention by American hands.

A lucid explanation of Islamic history in the context of both the ancient and modern worlds.