A political work that skillfully follows the threads that run from Rousseau to modern thinkers.
A survey focuses on more than 200 years of political thought about equality.
As America’s wealth gap widens and the pressure builds to finally address its legacy of racial inequality, law professor Penegar raises a timely question. Has liberty been pursued at the expense of equality, making equality the “lost twin” of liberty? “Both ideals are important enough under our existing forms and traditions of government that they should be pursued or supported together,” he suggests in his brisk and often insightful survey that ranges from Rousseau to John Rawls. But “somehow Equality has been cut off from or less favored than Liberty.” As Penegar shows, Rousseau strove “for a greater depth of equality so intrinsically linked to liberty that they will advance together or falter in comparable measure.” The two concepts got equal billing in the Declaration of Independence and the Declaration of the Rights of Man, the founding documents of the American and French revolutions. But the word equality does not appear in the United States Constitution or the Bill of Rights and, of course, didn’t apply to the enslaved. In the mid-19th-century thoughts of Herbert Spencer, Penegar notes, equality “scarcely rises to the level of an ideal on the same plane as liberty” but “will come, when it comes, by dint of the force of social evolution.” The author deftly traces the theoretical strands up to the present day, touching on such thinkers as Henry George, who argued that financial capitalism was “destroying democracy by making economic equality impossible,” and Ronald Dworkin, who stressed that “equality does not have to bend its knee to liberty.” The book flounders a bit at times with repetitions and errors—British social reformer William Beveridge is rendered as “William Beverage.” Penegar is also occasionally given to overstatement. One wonders, for example, how much the British Labour Party’s victory in the 1945 election “extinguished a century’s worth of power arrangements favoring the traditions of land, finance and industry and the established leadership class made up of Etonians and Ox-bridge alumni” when Boris Johnson, an Old Etonian and Oxford alumnus, is now the country’s prime minister.
A political work that skillfully follows the threads that run from Rousseau to modern thinkers.Pub Date: Oct. 15, 2020
ISBN: 978-1-62894-422-8
Page Count: 194
Publisher: Algora Publishing
Review Posted Online: Feb. 20, 2021
Kirkus Reviews Issue: April 15, 2021
Review Program: Kirkus Indie
A philosophically rich critique of state violence and mass apathy.
An Egyptian Canadian journalist writes searchingly of this time of war.
“Rules, conventions, morals, reality itself: all exist so long as their existence is convenient to the preservation of power.” So writes El Akkad, who goes on to state that one of the demands of modern power is that those subject to it must imagine that some group of people somewhere are not fully human. El Akkad’s pointed example is Gaza, the current destruction of which, he writes, is causing millions of people around the world to examine the supposedly rules-governed, democratic West and declare, “I want nothing to do with this.” El Akkad, author of the novel American War (2017), discerns hypocrisy and racism in the West’s defense of Ukraine and what he views as indifference toward the Palestinian people. No stranger to war zones himself—El Akkad was a correspondent in Afghanistan and Iraq—he writes with grim matter-of-factness about murdered children, famine, and the deliberate targeting of civilians. With no love for Zionism lost, he offers an equally harsh critique of Hamas, yet another one of the “entities obsessed with violence as an ethos, brutal in their treatment of minority groups who in their view should not exist, and self-decreed to be the true protectors of an entire religion.” Taking a global view, El Akkad, who lives in the U.S., finds almost every government and society wanting, and not least those, he says, that turn away and pretend not to know, behavior that we’ve seen before and that, in the spirit of his title, will one day be explained away until, in the end, it comes down to “a quiet unheard reckoning in the winter of life between the one who said nothing, did nothing, and their own soul.”
A philosophically rich critique of state violence and mass apathy.Pub Date: Feb. 25, 2025
ISBN: 9780593804148
Page Count: 224
Publisher: Knopf
Review Posted Online: Dec. 14, 2024
Kirkus Reviews Issue: Jan. 15, 2025
BOOK REVIEW
BOOK REVIEW
For Howard Zinn, long-time civil rights and anti-war activist, history and ideology have a lot in common. Since he thinks that everything is in someone's interest, the historian—Zinn posits—has to figure out whose interests he or she is defining/defending/reconstructing (hence one of his previous books, The Politics of History). Zinn has no doubts about where he stands in this "people's history": "it is a history disrespectful of governments and respectful of people's movements of resistance." So what we get here, instead of the usual survey of wars, presidents, and institutions, is a survey of the usual rebellions, strikes, and protest movements. Zinn starts out by depicting the arrival of Columbus in North America from the standpoint of the Indians (which amounts to their standpoint as constructed from the observations of the Europeans); and, after easily establishing the cultural disharmony that ensued, he goes on to the importation of slaves into the colonies. Add the laborers and indentured servants that followed, plus women and later immigrants, and you have Zinn's amorphous constituency. To hear Zinn tell it, all anyone did in America at any time was to oppress or be oppressed; and so he obscures as much as his hated mainstream historical foes do—only in Zinn's case there is that absurd presumption that virtually everything that came to pass was the work of ruling-class planning: this amounts to one great indictment for conspiracy. Despite surface similarities, this is not a social history, since we get no sense of the fabric of life. Instead of negating the one-sided histories he detests, Zinn has merely reversed the image; the distortion remains.
Pub Date: Jan. 1, 1979
ISBN: 0061965588
Page Count: 772
Publisher: Harper & Row
Review Posted Online: May 26, 2012
Kirkus Reviews Issue: Jan. 1, 1979
BOOK REVIEW
BOOK REVIEW
BOOK REVIEW
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