A good summary of current research, along with some lurid alarm-sounding.
Veteran neuroscience popularizer and psychiatrist Restak (Poe’s Heart and the Mountain Climber, 2004, etc.) approaches with both excitement and caution a decade’s worth of brain-imaging discoveries linking particular nerve circuits to complex behaviors.
Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and other types of brain scans make it possible to track which cortical cognitive and sensorimotor areas and which subcortical emotional circuits light up when an experimental subject is thinking, reasoning, remembering, making moral decisions, gambling, arguing, feeling pain, looking at sad or happy or angry faces. Restak coins the terms social neuroscience and neurosociety for this kind of research; we are a social species, he emphasizes, dependent on mutual aid, trust and communication. He presents many interesting findings. For example: A synchrony between muscles and mind leads us to automatically position our bodies closer to positive events or experiences and distance ourselves from negative ones. “Mirror neurons” mimic the actions of the person we are watching or listening to, a phenomenon exploited by coaches who use imaging exercises for their teams. The brain tends to assume that oft-repeated information is true (remember Joseph Goebbels). The brain also has a “negativity bias”; it becomes more vigilant and active when given negative information. Its emotional centers play an important role in generating empathy. Restak also cites work on the role of hormones in bonding (oxytocin) and aggression (testosterone); on how memories can be implanted; and on the popularity of mind-enhancing drugs. Offering some overwrought examples, the author claims that this fascinating information could lead to brain manipulation by politicians, police, employers and marketers. Then he backs off with a caveat: This new “neurophrenology” is in its infancy; there is much more complexity to human behavior than brain scans can capture. The challenge is to continue to ask the biological and ethical questions that will keep us one step ahead of the manipulators.
A good summary of current research, along with some lurid alarm-sounding.Pub Date: Sept. 26, 2006
ISBN: 1-4000-9808-4
Page Count: 224
Publisher: Harmony
Review Posted Online: May 19, 2010
Kirkus Reviews Issue: Aug. 1, 2006
BOOK REVIEW
Striking research showing the immense complexity of ordinary thought and revealing the identities of the gatekeepers in our...
A psychologist and Nobel Prize winner summarizes and synthesizes the recent decades of research on intuition and systematic thinking.
The author of several scholarly texts, Kahneman (Emeritus Psychology and Public Affairs/Princeton Univ.) now offers general readers not just the findings of psychological research but also a better understanding of how research questions arise and how scholars systematically frame and answer them. He begins with the distinction between System 1 and System 2 mental operations, the former referring to quick, automatic thought, the latter to more effortful, overt thinking. We rely heavily, writes, on System 1, resorting to the higher-energy System 2 only when we need or want to. Kahneman continually refers to System 2 as “lazy”: We don’t want to think rigorously about something. The author then explores the nuances of our two-system minds, showing how they perform in various situations. Psychological experiments have repeatedly revealed that our intuitions are generally wrong, that our assessments are based on biases and that our System 1 hates doubt and despises ambiguity. Kahneman largely avoids jargon; when he does use some (“heuristics,” for example), he argues that such terms really ought to join our everyday vocabulary. He reviews many fundamental concepts in psychology and statistics (regression to the mean, the narrative fallacy, the optimistic bias), showing how they relate to his overall concerns about how we think and why we make the decisions that we do. Some of the later chapters (dealing with risk-taking and statistics and probabilities) are denser than others (some readers may resent such demands on System 2!), but the passages that deal with the economic and political implications of the research are gripping.
Striking research showing the immense complexity of ordinary thought and revealing the identities of the gatekeepers in our minds.Pub Date: Nov. 1, 2011
ISBN: 978-0-374-27563-1
Page Count: 512
Publisher: Farrar, Straus and Giroux
Review Posted Online: Sept. 3, 2011
Kirkus Reviews Issue: Sept. 15, 2011
BOOK REVIEW
IN THE NEWS
IN THE NEWS
Readers unfamiliar with the anecdotal material Greene presents may find interesting avenues to pursue, but they should...
Greene (The 33 Strategies of War, 2007, etc.) believes that genius can be learned if we pay attention and reject social conformity.
The author suggests that our emergence as a species with stereoscopic, frontal vision and sophisticated hand-eye coordination gave us an advantage over earlier humans and primates because it allowed us to contemplate a situation and ponder alternatives for action. This, along with the advantages conferred by mirror neurons, which allow us to intuit what others may be thinking, contributed to our ability to learn, pass on inventions to future generations and improve our problem-solving ability. Throughout most of human history, we were hunter-gatherers, and our brains are engineered accordingly. The author has a jaundiced view of our modern technological society, which, he writes, encourages quick, rash judgments. We fail to spend the time needed to develop thorough mastery of a subject. Greene writes that every human is “born unique,” with specific potential that we can develop if we listen to our inner voice. He offers many interesting but tendentious examples to illustrate his theory, including Einstein, Darwin, Mozart and Temple Grandin. In the case of Darwin, Greene ignores the formative intellectual influences that shaped his thought, including the discovery of geological evolution with which he was familiar before his famous voyage. The author uses Grandin's struggle to overcome autistic social handicaps as a model for the necessity for everyone to create a deceptive social mask.
Readers unfamiliar with the anecdotal material Greene presents may find interesting avenues to pursue, but they should beware of the author's quirky, sometimes misleading brush-stroke characterizations.Pub Date: Nov. 13, 2012
ISBN: 978-0-670-02496-4
Page Count: 320
Publisher: Viking
Review Posted Online: Sept. 12, 2012
Kirkus Reviews Issue: Oct. 1, 2012
BOOK REVIEW
BOOK REVIEW
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