With authority and wit, Fridland explains the evolution of language and embraces the dynamism it shows.
A specialist in sociolinguistics conducts a lively study of how and why our language is changing.
According to Fridland, a professor of linguistics and a frequent commentator on language issues, the maxim that rules are made to be broken is made clear by the evolution of language, especially the variety of English spoken in the U.S. Her aim is not to condemn the most recent wave of modifications but to praise the energy and innovative spirit involved. In fact, trying to stamp out linguistic innovations seldom works—and often makes them more popular. “Language change is natural, built into the language system itself, and not just a way for teenagers to torture their parents,” writes the author. As she examines the social meanings of language, she notes that most changes originate from young people, women, and lower-income groups to build solidarity and combat established authority. To illustrate, she dives into the evolution of the terms noted in the book’s title. As something called a discourse marker, like has been around for a surprisingly long time, although its ubiquity is recent. Another bugbear of older generations—the use of literally as an intensifying adjective—also has a complex history. It appears that many of the people who use it in this way may not know the actual meaning of the word, and they use it to mean very. Its new role demonstrates how linguistic fashions catch on, with social media spreading it beyond the originating group. Likewise, dude is no longer used exclusively by young men and has developed a myriad of meanings flowing from nuance and context. Fridland has great fun with her subject, following the various lines of argument and delving into the subterranean roots of changes. The growing use of the singular they, for example, relates to attempts to de-gender traditional language forms. In short, the book is an interesting, entertaining read.
With authority and wit, Fridland explains the evolution of language and embraces the dynamism it shows.Pub Date: April 18, 2023
ISBN: 9780593298329
Page Count: 336
Publisher: Viking
Review Posted Online: Jan. 18, 2023
Kirkus Reviews Issue: Feb. 15, 2023
Cogent, well-timed ideas for meeting today’s biggest challenges.
Helping liberals get out of their own way.
Klein, a New York Times columnist, and Thompson, an Atlantic staffer, lean to the left, but they aren’t interrogating the usual suspects. Aware that many conservatives have no interest in their opinions, the authors target their own side’s “pathologies.” Why do red states greenlight the kind of renewable energy projects that often languish in blue states? Why does liberal California have the nation’s most severe homelessness and housing affordability crises? One big reason: Liberal leadership has ensnared itself in a web of well-intentioned yet often onerous “goals, standards, and rules.” This “procedural kludge,” partially shaped by lawyers who pioneered a “democracy by lawsuit” strategy in the 1960s, threatens to stymie key breakthroughs. Consider the anti-pollution laws passed after World War II. In the decades since, homeowners’ groups in liberal locales have cited such statutes in lawsuits meant to stop new affordable housing. Today, these laws “block the clean energy projects” required to tackle climate change. Nuclear energy is “inarguably safer” than the fossil fuel variety, but because Washington doesn’t always “properly weigh risk,” it almost never builds new reactors. Meanwhile, technologies that may cure disease or slash the carbon footprint of cement production benefit from government support, but too often the grant process “rewards caution and punishes outsider thinking.” The authors call this style of governing “everything-bagel liberalism,” so named because of its many government mandates. Instead, they envision “a politics of abundance” that would remake travel, work, and health. This won’t happen without “changing the processes that make building and inventing so hard.” It’s time, then, to scrutinize everything from municipal zoning regulations to the paperwork requirements for scientists getting federal funding. The authors’ debut as a duo is very smart and eminently useful.
Cogent, well-timed ideas for meeting today’s biggest challenges.Pub Date: March 18, 2025
ISBN: 9781668023488
Page Count: 320
Publisher: Avid Reader Press
Review Posted Online: Jan. 16, 2025
Kirkus Reviews Issue: Feb. 15, 2025
BOOK REVIEW
PERSPECTIVES
For Howard Zinn, long-time civil rights and anti-war activist, history and ideology have a lot in common. Since he thinks that everything is in someone's interest, the historian—Zinn posits—has to figure out whose interests he or she is defining/defending/reconstructing (hence one of his previous books, The Politics of History). Zinn has no doubts about where he stands in this "people's history": "it is a history disrespectful of governments and respectful of people's movements of resistance." So what we get here, instead of the usual survey of wars, presidents, and institutions, is a survey of the usual rebellions, strikes, and protest movements. Zinn starts out by depicting the arrival of Columbus in North America from the standpoint of the Indians (which amounts to their standpoint as constructed from the observations of the Europeans); and, after easily establishing the cultural disharmony that ensued, he goes on to the importation of slaves into the colonies. Add the laborers and indentured servants that followed, plus women and later immigrants, and you have Zinn's amorphous constituency. To hear Zinn tell it, all anyone did in America at any time was to oppress or be oppressed; and so he obscures as much as his hated mainstream historical foes do—only in Zinn's case there is that absurd presumption that virtually everything that came to pass was the work of ruling-class planning: this amounts to one great indictment for conspiracy. Despite surface similarities, this is not a social history, since we get no sense of the fabric of life. Instead of negating the one-sided histories he detests, Zinn has merely reversed the image; the distortion remains.
Pub Date: Jan. 1, 1979
ISBN: 0061965588
Page Count: 772
Publisher: Harper & Row
Review Posted Online: May 26, 2012
Kirkus Reviews Issue: Jan. 1, 1979
BOOK REVIEW
BOOK REVIEW
BOOK REVIEW
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