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THE SHOULDERS OF GIANTS

A HISTORY OF HUMAN FLIGHT TO 1919

Flying in the face of redundancy, aviation journalist and pilot Scott concisely chronicles the history of manned flight from its faltering first steps to its later deadly application above the WW I battlefield. Although readers will recognize such major names in early 20th century aviation as the Wright brothers and their main competitor, Glen Curtiss, as well as some famous predecessors—da Vinci, Montgolfier, even Icarus—Scott's often ironically laconic account includes some interesting arcana. The first flying machines were gliders, patterned after birds, bats, and, in one case, the manta ray; the first recorded casualty was an 11th-century monk who leaped from a tower on batlike wings and broke both his legs. Death came easily and often to these early aviators; not until Englishman George Cayley's 1804 flight was a controllable glider demonstrated. The quest for powered flight occupied the rest of the 19th century; readers may be surprised to learn that the first successful heavier-than-air machine (powered by steam) flew in 1848, the first controlled, gasoline-engine venture in 1895. The Wright brothers' landmark manned, powered flight in 1903 at Kitty Hawk, N.C., opened the portals of modern aviation—and, Scott notes, a succession of patent suits by which they effectively controlled US airplane manufacture. When America entered WW I, the armed forces possessed not even 400 aircraft. European aviation war technology by this time had led to deadly innovations, some of whose grisly results are depicted vividly here in the author's account of the exploits of war heroes Manfred von Richthofen and Eddie Rickenbacker. Scott's history ends in 1919 with the first transatlantic flight. This account of man's romance with flight doesn't break any new ground but offers a good grounding in the field as well as thoughts to ponder about the impact of aviation on modern life.

Pub Date: July 1, 1995

ISBN: 0-201-62722-1

Page Count: 304

Publisher: Addison-Wesley

Review Posted Online: May 19, 2010

Kirkus Reviews Issue: May 1, 1995

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WHY FISH DON'T EXIST

A STORY OF LOSS, LOVE, AND THE HIDDEN ORDER OF LIFE

A quirky wonder of a book.

A Peabody Award–winning NPR science reporter chronicles the life of a turn-of-the-century scientist and how her quest led to significant revelations about the meaning of order, chaos, and her own existence.

Miller began doing research on David Starr Jordan (1851-1931) to understand how he had managed to carry on after the 1906 San Francisco earthquake destroyed his work. A taxonomist who is credited with discovering “a full fifth of fish known to man in his day,” Jordan had amassed an unparalleled collection of ichthyological specimens. Gathering up all the fish he could save, Jordan sewed the nameplates that had been on the destroyed jars directly onto the fish. His perseverance intrigued the author, who also discusses the struggles she underwent after her affair with a woman ended a heterosexual relationship. Born into an upstate New York farm family, Jordan attended Cornell and then became an itinerant scholar and field researcher until he landed at Indiana University, where his first ichthyological collection was destroyed by lightning. In between this catastrophe and others involving family members’ deaths, he reconstructed his collection. Later, he was appointed as the founding president of Stanford, where he evolved into a Machiavellian figure who trampled on colleagues and sang the praises of eugenics. Miller concludes that Jordan displayed the characteristics of someone who relied on “positive illusions” to rebound from disaster and that his stand on eugenics came from a belief in “a divine hierarchy from bacteria to humans that point[ed]…toward better.” Considering recent research that negates biological hierarchies, the author then suggests that Jordan’s beloved taxonomic category—fish—does not exist. Part biography, part science report, and part meditation on how the chaos that caused Miller’s existential misery could also bring self-acceptance and a loving wife, this unique book is an ingenious celebration of diversity and the mysterious order that underlies all existence.

A quirky wonder of a book.

Pub Date: April 14, 2020

ISBN: 978-1-5011-6027-1

Page Count: 224

Publisher: Simon & Schuster

Review Posted Online: Jan. 1, 2020

Kirkus Reviews Issue: Feb. 1, 2020

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SEVEN BRIEF LESSONS ON PHYSICS

An intriguing meditation on the nature of the universe and our attempts to understand it that should appeal to both...

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Italian theoretical physicist Rovelli (General Relativity: The Most Beautiful of Theories, 2015, etc.) shares his thoughts on the broader scientific and philosophical implications of the great revolution that has taken place over the past century.

These seven lessons, which first appeared as articles in the Sunday supplement of the Italian newspaper Sole 24 Ore, are addressed to readers with little knowledge of physics. In less than 100 pages, the author, who teaches physics in both France and the United States, cogently covers the great accomplishments of the past and the open questions still baffling physicists today. In the first lesson, he focuses on Einstein's theory of general relativity. He describes Einstein's recognition that gravity "is not diffused through space [but] is that space itself" as "a stroke of pure genius." In the second lesson, Rovelli deals with the puzzling features of quantum physics that challenge our picture of reality. In the remaining sections, the author introduces the constant fluctuations of atoms, the granular nature of space, and more. "It is hardly surprising that there are more things in heaven and earth, dear reader, than have been dreamed of in our philosophy—or in our physics,” he writes. Rovelli also discusses the issues raised in loop quantum gravity, a theory that he co-developed. These issues lead to his extraordinary claim that the passage of time is not fundamental but rather derived from the granular nature of space. The author suggests that there have been two separate pathways throughout human history: mythology and the accumulation of knowledge through observation. He believes that scientists today share the same curiosity about nature exhibited by early man.

An intriguing meditation on the nature of the universe and our attempts to understand it that should appeal to both scientists and general readers.

Pub Date: March 1, 2016

ISBN: 978-0-399-18441-3

Page Count: 96

Publisher: Riverhead

Review Posted Online: Dec. 7, 2015

Kirkus Reviews Issue: Dec. 15, 2015

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